Saturday 2 July 2016

Reference updates 1

The intention is to update this blog about every three months or so at the beginning of each calendar quarter, January. April, July and October.

On this page are some additional references ordered by date and then chapter as found in the book Foundations of forensic document analysis: theory and practice.
On yet other pages will be added some further casework examples to further illustrate the kinds of approach used in various examination types.


References ordered by chapter added October 2015


Chapter 2

ELARIAN, Y., ABDEL-AAL, R., AHMAD, I., PARVEZ, M.T. and ZIDOURI, A., 2014. Handwriting synthesis: classifications and techniques. International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, 17(4), pp. 455-469.

Handwriting as an activity may be reduced as the use of the keyboard increases.  However, the value of handwriting in a number of domains, ranging from automated recognition of handwriting to the production of synthesised handwriting by a machine require a number of approaches to deconstructing and generating handwriting-like data.  This paper is a review of the methods used in producing synthesised handwriting.

AL-HADHRAMI, A.A.N., ALLEN, M., MOFFATT, C. and JONES, A.E., 2015. National characteristics and variation in Arabic handwriting. Forensic science international, 247, pp. 89-96.

This describes a study that sought to determine whether or not Arabic writers show regional variations in handwriting style which reflect different educational and cultural practices.

KANDEL, S. and PERRET, C., 2015. How does the interaction between spelling and motor processes build up during writing acquisition? Cognition, 136, pp. 325-336.

The cognitive demands of spelling and handwriting production are greatest for young children and diminish as automaticity is achieved.  This paper looks at a group of children in the age range 8 to 10 years old and finds that during this period handwriting processing becomes increasingly adult in character.  It also provides a useful review of much of the literature relating to handwriting development in children. 3, 2.

KAM, M., ABICHANDANI, P. and HEWETT, T., 2015. Simulation Detection in Handwritten Documents by Forensic Document Examiners. Journal of forensic sciences, 60(4), pp. 936-41.

The abilities of forensic document examiners were compared to those of non-experts in assessing genuine and copied handwriting.  The document examiners results were statistically better than those of non-experts.

Chapter 3

MOHAMMED, L., FOUND, B., CALIGIURI, M. and ROGERS, D., 2015. Dynamic Characteristics of Signatures: Effects of Writer Style on Genuine and Simulated Signatures. Journal of forensic sciences, 60(1), pp. 89-94.

Genuine and simulated signatures were analysed using a digitising tablet and software with a view to determining whether dynamic aspects of the simulator’s normal signature impact on the simulation that they produce.

 Chapter 4

FERREIRA, A., NAVARRO, L.C., PINHEIRO, G., DOS SANTOS, J.A. and ROCHA, A., 2015. Laser printer attribution: Exploring new features and beyond. Forensic science international, 247, pp. 105-125.

This describes a method for distinguishing between laser printed documents based on the textural information of the print.  The paper is very technical but it contains a useful description of the mechanism of laser printers.


Chapter 5


This is a very thorough survey of many issues facing those producing currency and how they take into account the capabilities of the counterfeiter.

Chapter 7

CHESSON, L.A., TIPPLE, B.J., BARNETTE, J.E., CERLING, T.E. and EHLERINGER, J.R., 2015. The potential for application of ink stable isotope analysis in questioned document examination. Science & Justice, 55(1), pp. 27-33.

Isotopic variations of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon were used to compare inks.  Pens within a pack were found to have similar isotopic ratios but pens from the same manufacturer but in a different pack bought from a different place differed.

DE SOUZA LINS BORBA, F., SALDANHA HONORATO, R. and DE JUAN, A., 2015. Use of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics to distinguish blue ballpoint pen inks. Forensic science international, 249(0), pp. 73-82.

Use of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with statistical tools for interpreting spectra for blue ballpoint pen inks is described.

ELSHERBINY, N. and AIED NASSEF, O., 2015. Wavelength dependence of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) on questioned document investigation. Science & Justice, 55(4), pp. 254-263.

This describes an analytical technique used to compare black gel pen inks.  The technique is near non-destructive and has been used in a number of forensic contexts including in artworks.

Chapter 10

KOENIG, A., MAGNOLON, S. and WEYERMANN, C., 2015. A comparative study of ballpoint ink ageing parameters using GC/MS. Forensic science international, 252(0), pp. 93-106.

The authors look at the loss of the solvent phenoxyethanol using GC/MS.  The authors found that the method was reliable albeit results are affected by ink composition and storage conditions as expected.  Contains a useful summary of the methods used for ink dating.



LI, B., 2015. Dating of inkpad seals using the oil diffusion (migration) method. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(1), pp. 95-103.

Inkpad inks (often associated with stamps used in some Asian countries in particular) were treated to test the amount of ink extracted for thin layer chromatography under normal, heat and UV treatments over different time periods.  The results showed the expected diminution of extractability with time, heat and exposure to UV and the authors tentatively suggest that their method is potentially helpful for examinations of this type given further research.

BRAZ, A., LÓPEZ-LÓPEZ, M. and GARCÍA-RUIZ, C., 2015. Raman imaging for determining the sequence of blue pen ink crossings. Forensic science international, 249(0), pp. 92-100.

Use of Raman spectroscopy was used to examine intersecting inklines and gave correct results in about 60% of cases.  Factors affecting the reliability of the method are given, such as the time lapse between the two lines being written.

LI, B., 2015. Dating of inkpad seals using the oil diffusion (migration) method. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(1), pp. 95-103.

Iron gall inks are still used in some parts of the world more than others and this paper looks at a dissolution/diffusion method for dating them.

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