Chapter 1
KANG, T. and LEE, J., 2015. Multiform Korean handwriting authentication by forensic document examiners. Forensic science international, 255, pp. 133-6.
This paper examines the ways that experts interact with one another in the peer review process of assessing findings. Peer review led to fewer incorrect opinions and this was mirrored in an increase in inconclusive opinions. The authors also found that the greatest problems were to be found when examining disguised handwriting.
Chapter 2
LIN, Q., LUO, J., WU, Z., SHEN, F. and SUN, Z., 2015. Characterization of fine motor development: Dynamic analysis of children's drawing movements. Human Movement Science, 40, pp. 163-175.
This study finds that the capabilities of children to control the movement of a writing implement increases markedly with age in early school years. There is a very useful summary of much of the published literature as background to the study. Older children generally completed drawing tasks more efficiently in terms of time taken and the smoothness of movement as shown by reduced variability of pen velocity. This reflects a greater automaticity of production in the older children.
SITA, J.C. and TAYLOR, K.A., 2015. Eye movements during the handwriting of words: Individually and within sentences. Human Movement Science, 43, pp. 229-238.
Very little has been published on the subject of eye movement during handwriting and this paper finds that eye fixation is routinely used by writers to assist in the process of handwriting production. Fixations were longer and more frequent for handwriting that for reading the same word.
CHEN, X., 2015. Extraction and analysis of the width, gray scale and radian in Chinese signature handwriting. Forensic science international, 255, pp. 123-32.
This paper looks at computer-based analysis of Chinese signatures written as originals, freehand simulations, traced simulations or random non-simulated signatures. Using appropriate quantitative feature extraction and statistical analysis the method was able to provide evidence that could perhaps add objective assistance to the document examiner.
KAM, M., ABICHANDANI, P. and HEWETT, T., 2015. Simulation Detection in Handwritten Documents by Forensic Document Examiners. Journal of forensic sciences, 60(4), pp. 936-941.
This paper looks at simulated handwriting (as opposed to simulated signatures) and seeks to discover whether document examiners are better at identifying genuine or simulated handwriting than lay persons. In addition, the sample of lay persons was taken from a wider population than such studies often use (students and academics working in the research environment) as such may not be representative of the handwriting skills of the wider population. The authors found document examiners to be significantly more competent than lay people at assessing genuine and simulated handwriting.
CHANG, S., CHEN, C. and YU, N., 2015. Biomechanical analyses of prolonged handwriting in subjects with and without perceived discomfort. Human Movement Science, 43, pp. 1-8.
This paper studies the biomechanics of handwriting in the context of writers that find prolonged writing to cause discomfort. The authors find that certain biomechanical and ergonomic conditions may increase the likelihood of pain in handwriting which could assist occupational therapy remediation.
KÖMÜR, I., GÜRLER, A.S., BASPINAR, B., SAHIN, E., KANTARCI, M.N., EMÜL, M., KANDEMIR, E., AKIN, H.M. and ÜNER, H.B., 2015. Differences in Handwritings of Schizophrenia Patients and Examination of the Change after Treatment. Journal of forensic sciences, 60(6), pp. 1613-1619.
The handwriting of 29 schizophrenic patients were compared to that from 29 control subjects. Handwriting from the schizophrenia patients was compared before and after some treatment to see what effects it had. The schizophrenia patients had writing that tended to be larger and more erratic in letter use, re-writing, corrected errors and punctuation.
ALAMARGOT, D. and MORIN, M., 2015. Does handwriting on a tablet screen affect students’ graphomotor execution? A comparison between Grades Two and Nine. Human Movement Science, 44, pp. 32-41.
This paper assesses the impact that writing on a computer tablet screen with a plastic-tipped stylus has on young (year 2) and older children (year 9). Pen pauses were affected in younger children and pen movement in the older age group.
Chapter 4
BRAZ, A., LOPEZ-LOPEZ, M., MONTALVO, G. and GARCIA RUIZ, C., 2015b. Forensic discrimination of inkjet-printed lines by Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(4), pp. 411-420.
This paper uses a relatively standard piece of scientific kit produced mainly for the forensic document market (rather than more sophisticated and higher specification research machines that use similar analytical methods) and found that useful results can be obtained using them especially after surface enhancement (SERS).
GÁL, L., ORAVEC, M., GEMEINER, P. and ČEPPAN, M., 2015. Principal component analysis for the forensic discrimination of black inkjet inks based on the Vis–NIR fibre optics reflection spectra. Forensic science international, 257, pp. 285-292.
Black inkjet inks were examined using vis-nir (near infrared) fibre optic reflection spectroscopy which can be used directly on the paper. Principal component analysis was used to analyse the data which were obtained both from solid blocks of ink and lines. Three ink manufacturers were compared with useful results.
Chapter 6
TAKALO, J., TIMONEN, J., SAMPO, J., RANTALA, M., SILTANEN, S. and LASSAS, M., 2014. Using the fibre structure of paper to determine authenticity of the documents: Analysis of transmitted light images of stamps and banknotes. Forensic science international, 244, pp. 252-258.
The fibre structure of paper is determined using xray transmission and associated algorithms. The paper of genuine and counterfeit documents is compared and differences assessed.
ITAMIYA, H. and SUGITA, R., 2015. Effects of printing and ninhydrin treatment on forensic analysis of paper. Forensic science international, 255, pp. 38-42.
This paper looks at the impact that either printing (such as from a computer printer) or ninhdrin treatment (to detect fingerprints) has on the forensic examination of paper. The grammage and thickness of the paper were slightly altered, the elemental composition (shown by x-ray diffraction) was almost unchanged as was the appearance of the pulp fibres under light microscopy.
GWO, C., WEI, C., LI, Y. and CHIU, N., 2015. Reconstruction of Banknote Fragments Based on Keypoint Matching Method. Journal of forensic sciences, 60(4), pp. 906-913.
Reconstructing torn or shredded documents is a difficult and time-consuming activity. The use of computers to analyse images and search for feature keypoints that correspond to similarity between adjacent pieces of paper can assist the reconstruction process.
SASAOKA, S., SAITO, K., HIGASHI, K., LIMWIKRANT, W., MORIBE, K., SUZUKI, S. and YAMAMOTO, K., 2015. Design of one-dimensional power spectrum using two-dimensional fast Fourier transform for discrimination of paper-based kraft tapes. Forensic science international, 257, pp. 329-336.
This paper describes a method to compare adhesive tapes that have a paper base. Light is transmitted through the tape and the resulting pattern of light obtained is analysed.
Chapter 7
LINS BORBA, F.D.S., HONORATO, R.S. and DE JUAN, A., 2015. Use of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics to distinguish blue ballpoint pen inks. Forensic science international, 249, pp. 73-82.
The use of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with data analytical methods is described to differentiate between blue inks. The similarities between some inks is noted in their tendency to form clusters of similar ink types based on the analytical data.
SUBEDI, K., TREJOS, T. and ALMIRALL, J., 2015. Forensic analysis of printing inks using tandem Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, 103, pp. 76-83.
Printing inks from both conventional printing methods such as offset lithography and digital printing such as inkjet were analysed using two methods in tandem to determine their elemental composition. Results showed that inks could be distinguished using this approach.
LENNARD, C., EL-DEFTAR, M.M. and ROBERTSON, J., 2015. Forensic application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the discrimination of questioned documents. Forensic science international, 254, pp. 68-79.
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is found to be a good way of discriminating between paper, pen inks, toner and inkjet inks. This analytical technique has been used to examine various aspects of document production before by analysing the presence of different atomic elements and this paper adds Australian samples of paper to the body of tested materials. The authors show that it is possible to differentiate between paper samples produced at the same mill but at different times, for example.
LI, B., 2015. Extraction percentage analysis of inkpad seals stored under different conditions. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(4), pp. 421-427.
Stamp pad inks were stored under three conditions, namely normal, heated and under ultraviolet light, for a range of time periods. Extraction of the ink was then assessed as a means of determining the effects of these three conditions upon the ease with which ink can be removed from the paper.
HOSU, A., POP, B. and CIMPOIU, C., 2015. The Forensic Analysis of Pigments from Some Inks by HPTLC. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 38(11), pp. 1109-1112.
The authors use high performance thin layer chromatography (hptlc) to compare pen inks. The results can be used to ‘fingerprint’ different inks the data for which can be used to form a library of different inks.
LEE, L.C., YUNUS, I.S.M.D., FUAD,WAN NUR SYAZWANI WAN MOHAMAD, ISHAK, A.A. and OSMAN, K., 2015. Statistical discrimination of black ballpoint pen inks using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with principal component analysis. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 70(3), pp. 374-377.
Use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (which uses high specification materials to enhance separation of components in chemical mixtures) is used to analyse inks. The output from the sensitive equipment is analysed using the statistical method of principal component analysis.
Chapter 8
KHAN, Z., SHAFAIT, F. and MIAN, A., 2015. Automatic ink mismatch detection for forensic document analysis. Pattern Recognition, 48(11), pp. 3615-3626.
This paper examines hyperspectral document examination using algorithms to automatically detect the presence of more than one ink on a document.
Chapter 10
WANG, S., LU, C. and WANG, G., 2015. Examination of the Sequence between Laser Printing and Rollerball Pen Writing Without an Intersecting Stroke. Journal of forensic sciences, 60(6), pp. 1594-1600.
This paper examines documents where the specific circumstances are alleged to be that a document signed using a rollerball pen is then passed through a laser printer to add text. The idea is that the pen line may be distorted by the heat and pressure that are used in laser printers and that any microscopic extraneous toner from the laser printer drum may also be visible on top of the ink. The authors report a good success rate in determining the sequence of events.
SAUZIER, G., GILES, P., LEWIS, S.W. and VAN BRONSWIJK, W., 2015. In situ studies into the characterisation and degradation of blue ballpoint inks by diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy. Analytical Methods, 7(12), pp. 4892-4900.
Diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy was used to analyse blue ballpoint pen inks kept under a number of environmental conditions. The results were analysed using principal component analysis. Aging and environmental factors could be determined.
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